{"id":2446,"date":"2024-10-02T09:03:45","date_gmt":"2024-10-02T09:03:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/craterre.org\/?post_type=avada_portfolio&p=2446"},"modified":"2024-10-02T09:03:45","modified_gmt":"2024-10-02T09:03:45","slug":"bam-tirer-les-lecons-de-la-catastrophe","status":"publish","type":"avada_portfolio","link":"https:\/\/craterre.org\/en\/case\/bam-tirer-les-lecons-de-la-catastrophe\/","title":{"rendered":"Bam, Learning from the disaster"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Objectives<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n
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L\u2019objectif du projet \u00e9tait de tirer les le\u00e7ons de la catastrophe pour proposer des syst\u00e8mes constructifs ayant fait leur preuve, afin de r\u00e9duire la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 des habitats et reconstruire la culture sismique locale.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Le s\u00e9isme de Bam du 26 d\u00e9cembre 2003 a provoqu\u00e9 la mort de 26 000 personnes et en a bless\u00e9 40 000 autres. 70% des b\u00e2timents ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9truits dont la citadelle en terre d\u2019Arg-\u00e8 Bam. En quelques secondes la ville est devenue un vaste champ de ruines, catalogue \u00e0 ciel ouvert de d\u00e9fauts de construction d\u00e9montrant la cause humaine de la catastrophe. Les caract\u00e9ristiques g\u00e9ophysiques locales (failles, alluvions) et celles du s\u00e9isme ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9sastreuses pour cette ville vuln\u00e9rable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Prendre le temps de bien comprendre pour positionner l\u2019intervention
<\/em>Apr\u00e8s un diagnostic de situation r\u00e9sultant d\u2019expertises nationales et internationales, des recommandations d\u2019aide \u00e0 la d\u00e9cision ont \u00e9t\u00e9 faites pour d\u00e9finir une strat\u00e9gie de sauvegarde du paysage culturel. La d\u00e9claration de Bam, issue de l\u2019Atelier International d\u2019avril 2004 a pos\u00e9 les principes directeurs de toute intervention : \u00ab conserver la pleine signification d\u2019Arg-\u00e8 Bam et son environnement \u00bb, \u00ab sauvegarder le caract\u00e8re et l\u2019h\u00e9ritage de la ville, et son paysage \u00bb et \u00ab int\u00e9grer le patrimoine dans le processus de reconstruction \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Taking a step back to learn lessons and avoid repeating mistakes<\/em>
Aucun mat\u00e9riau de construction n\u2019est parasismique. C\u2019est le savoir b\u00e2tir qui \u00e9pargne les ouvrages et les vies. Si les mat\u00e9riaux industriels b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d\u2019une base scientifique universelle, les \u00ab mat\u00e9riaux locaux \u00bb peuvent s\u2019appuyer sur les connaissances accumul\u00e9es \u00e0 \u00ab l\u2019\u00e9preuve des faits \u00bb. Mais \u00e0 Bam, la trop faible fr\u00e9quence des s\u00e9ismes, qui permet de tirer des le\u00e7ons, n\u2019a pas permis le d\u00e9veloppement de ces connaissances.

La mise en place d\u2019une approche int\u00e9gr\u00e9e mais des r\u00e9sultats qui tardent<\/em>
CRAterre et ses partenaires ont propos\u00e9 de revitaliser la fili\u00e8re terre autour de trois axes compl\u00e9mentaires : mati\u00e8re, patrimoine et habitat. Cette approche encourage et appuie le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019activit\u00e9s socio-\u00e9conomique valorisant les ressources et les forces du territoire. En quelques mois, diff\u00e9rentes activit\u00e9s ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9ploy\u00e9es : \u00e9tudes et diagnostic, essais et mises au point de mat\u00e9riaux et \u00e9l\u00e9ments constructifs, installation d\u2019un laboratoire et d\u2019une ligne de production, conception et construction de prototypes de logements, reconstruction de la Seconde Porte de la citadelle, chantiers formation de professionnels et du personnel de ICHHTO, NDRII et IHF. Ces activit\u00e9s ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 des avanc\u00e9es notables et \u00e0 faire accepter le mat\u00e9riau terre. Malgr\u00e9 cela, des dizaines de familles qui avaient choisi le prototype de logement en terre parasismique valid\u00e9 par les autorit\u00e9s iraniennes n\u2019ont pu l\u2019obtenir.<\/p>\n

Anticipate and prepare<\/em>
Du fait de r\u00e9sistances qui sont plus le fait \u00ab d\u2019ignorances \u00bb, il est quasiment impossible de mettre rapidement en place des solutions utilisant les mat\u00e9riaux locaux quand ceux-ci n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 valid\u00e9s avant la catastrophe. Une fois la phase d\u2019urgence termin\u00e9e, les populations d\u00e9munies n\u2019ont plus acc\u00e8s aux mat\u00e9riaux industriels inabordables et trop sophistiqu\u00e9es. L\u2019exclusion des mat\u00e9riaux locaux augmente la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 de ceux, majoritaires, qui n\u2019ont d\u2019autres choix que de se tourner vers des solutions locales, par ailleurs mieux adapt\u00e9es aux plans environnemental, \u00e9conomique et culturel. Introduire en amont le d\u00e9veloppement local est le plus s\u00fbr moyen de r\u00e9duire les risques.<\/p>\n

Results<\/h2>\n
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  • post-disaster diagnosis ;<\/li>\n
  • mise en place d\u2019une unit\u00e9 de production et d\u2019un laboratoire d\u2019analyse ;<\/li>\n
  • 2 earthquake-resistant prototypes;<\/li>\n
  • mason training ;<\/li>\n
  • raising awareness among decision-makers and players in the construction industry ;<\/li>\n
  • contribution to the drafting of the Bam declaration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
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    Partners<\/h2>\n

    Organisation Iranienne pour le Patrimoine Culturel, l\u2019Artisanat et le Tourisme (ICHHTO), Mairie de Bam, Centre Iranien de Recherche pour la Conservation des Vestiges Culturelles (RCCCR), Fondation Islamique du Logement (IHF), Institut Iranien de Recherche sur les Catastrophes Naturelles (NDRII), Universit\u00e9 de Yazd (Iran), Minist\u00e8re de la Culture et de la Communication (France), Minist\u00e8re des Affaires Etrangers (France), UNESCO, Programme des Nations Unies pour le D\u00e9veloppement (PNUD), Fondation de France, Misereor, Conseil G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l\u2019Is\u00e8re (CG38).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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